Announcement of the 2000 Nobel Prizes
and
the Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) Prize
in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

Announcements week of October 9-13, 2000

Medicine and Physiology: Arvid Carlsson (Department of Pharmacology, University of Göteborg, Sweden), Paul Greengard (Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Science, Rockefeller University, New York, USA)and Eric Kandel (Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, USA)     (Announced Monday, October 9, 2000)

for their discoveries concerning "signal transduction in the nervous system"
Source: Press release on the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology 2000, Karolinska Institutet


Physics: with one half jointly to Zhores I. Alferov (A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia) and Herbert Kroemer (University of California at Santa Barbara, California, USA),
and with the other half to Jack S. Kilby (Texas Instruments, Dallas, Texas, USA).    (Announced Tuesday, October 10, 2000)

"The researchers' work has laid the foundations of modern information technology, IT, particularly through their invention of rapid transistors, laser diodes, and integrated circuits (chips)."
Source: Press release on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2000, Swedish Academy of Sciences



Zhores I. Alferov
A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and

Herbert Kroemer
University of California at Santa Barbara, California, USA,
"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics"

Jack S. Kilby
"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"

Chemistry: Alan J. Heeger ( University of California at Santa Barbara, USA), Alan G. MacDiarmid (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA), and Hideki Shirakawa (University of Tsukuba, Japan)     (Announced Tuesday, October 10, 2000)

"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
Source: Press release on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences



Economics: James J. Heckman (University of Chicago, USA) and Daniel L. McFadden(University of California, Berkeley, USA)     (Announced Wednesday, October 11, 2000)

In the field of microeconometrics, each of the laureates has developed theory and methods that are widely used in the statistical analysis of individual and household behavior, within economics as well as other social sciences.

"to James Heckman for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples and to Daniel McFadden for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice. "
Source: Press release on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences




Literature: Gao Xingjian     (Announced Thursday, October 12, 2000)

"for an ouvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama".
Bibliography (English); also available in Swedish, Traditional and Simplified Chinese, French and German.
Source: Press release on the Nobel Prize in Literature 2000, Svenska Akademien




Peace: Kim Dae Jung     (Announced Friday, October 13, 2000)

"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular."
Source: Press release on the Nobel Prize in Peace 2000, Norwegian Nobel Committee

Princeton Ten Previous Nobel Laureates

Physics ('45,'57,'63,'80,'93,'98), Chemistry ('46), Medicine/Physiology('95), Economic Sciences ('79,'94)

Physics 1945

"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"

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Physics 1957

LEE, TSUNG-DAO, China, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S.A., b. 1926:

"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"

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Physics 1963

WIGNER, EUGENE P., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, b. 1902 (in Budapest, Hungary), d. 1995:

"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles";

and the other half jointly to:

GOEPPERT-MAYER, MARIA, U.S.A., University of California, La Jolla, CA, b. 1906 (in Kattowitz, then Germany), d. 1972; and

JENSEN, J. HANS D., Germany, University of Heidelberg, b. 1907, d. 1973:

"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"

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Physics 1980

CRONIN, JAMES, W., U.S.A., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, b. 1931; and

FITCH, VAL L., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, b. 1923:

"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"

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Physics 1993

HULSE, RUSSELL A., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, b. 1950, and

TAYLOR Jr., JOSEPH H., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, b. 1941:

"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"

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Physics 1998

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded
The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly to

Professor Robert B. Laughlin, Stanford University, California, USA,
Professor Horst L. Störmer, Columbia University, New York and Lucent Technologies' Bell Labs, New Jersey, USA, and
Professor Daniel C. Tsui, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

The three researchers are being awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering that electrons acting together in strong magnetic fields can form new types of "particles", with charges that are fractions of electron charges.

Citation:
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations."

Chemistry 1946

SUMNER, JAMES BATCHELLER, U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, b. 1887, d. 1955:

"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"

the other half jointly to:

NORTHROP, JOHN HOWARD, U.S.A., Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, NJ, b. 1891, d. 1987; and

STANLEY, WENDELL MEREDITH, U.S.A., Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, NJ, b. 1904, d. 1971:

"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"

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Physiology or Medicine 1995

LEWIS, EDWARD B., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A., b. 1918;

NsSSLEIN-VOLHARD, CHRISTIANE, Germany, Max-Planck-Institut f_r Entwicklungsbiologie, T_bingen, Germany, b. 1942; and

WIESCHAUS, ERIC F., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A., b. 1947:

"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"

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Economic Sciences 1979

SCHULTZ, THEODORE W., U.S.A., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, b. 1902 d. 1998: and

LEWIS, Sir ARTHUR, United Kingdom,, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A., b. 1915 (in the West Indies), d. 1991:

"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"

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Economic Sciences 1994

HARSANYI, JOHN C., U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, b. 1920 (in Budapest, Hungary);

NASH, JOHN F., U.S.A., Princeton University, NJ, b. 1928; and

SELTEN, REINHARD, Germany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit,t, Bonn, Germany, b. 1930:

"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"